I've had limited experience with GoDaddy. The error files with 0 bytes you listed that expire in a week are the wrong error files, they are the server errors. You need the PHP errors. These are not accessible to most GoDaddy clients on the lower priced plans. You may be able to get GoDaddy customer support to email you copies, but that is going to be worse than trying to interact in this forum format, which is bad enough.
For immediate feedback, you are best off having the errors displayed in your browser. In order for that to happen, you need to dip your toes in guru-land and make the edit suggested by kmessinger. I won't lie, it is possible to mess this up, but it can be easily fixed by renaming a backup file. No need to worry.
You will be mainly using the FTP File Manager accessed through your hosting control panel. You will be copying, renaming, downloading, and uploading files with this tool using clearly labeled icons.
The other part involves editing a downloaded file on your computer. For this you need a plain text editor, not a word processor. Let us know what type of computer you are using (PC, Mac, or Linux?) if you would be willing to give this a try. We can give you explicit step by step instructions.
For now, open your hosting FTP file manager and become familiar with the control icons in the toolbar and what right and left clicking on various elements do. Locate the wp-config.php file where ever WP is installed, probably the html or root folder. I'm sure you know enough to not change anything unless instructed to do so :)
Once you've had a look, you can decide if this is too much or if this could be something doable with assistance.